Roger Scruton

The Metaphysics of Morals, he also described the married state as an agreement between two people for the ‘reciprocal use of each other’s sexual organs’ (C.

Whatever the world contains, it contains the thinking being who I am. Kant’s contemporary Lichtenberg pointed out that Descartes ought not to have drawn this conclusion. The ‘cogito’ shows that there is a thought, but not that there is an ‘I’ who thinks it.

Leibniz believed that the understanding contains within itself certain innate principles, which it knows intuitively to be true, and which form the axioms from which a complete description of the world can be derived. These principles are necessarily true, and do not depend upon experience for their confirmation. Hence they lead to a description of the world as it is, not as it appears in experience or to a circumscribed ‘point of view’.