Alain Stephen

Wittgenstein, perhaps the most famous philosopher of the last century,

his History of Western Philosophy, Bertrand Russell suggests that philosophy sits astride the fields of science and theology, applying reason to hypotheses in areas where hard facts are not yet available.

reality is already pre-determined or pre-existent and, therefore, nothing new can ever occur as all events are simply the effects of other prior effects

Or in other words, all events must have a cause, which determines the outcome