A penetrating study by prominent authors of the aftermath of the collapse of Marxism. Rudolf Andorka discusses the causes of the collapse of the Communist system; Francis Kukuyama looks at the varieties of Russian nationalism; Craig Calhoun addresses the interaction of nationalism, civil society, and democracy; James M. Buchanan analyzes the implications for economies in transition of the asymmetrical reciprocity in market exchange; Robert Conquest discusses academe and the Soviet myth; and Seymour Martin Lipset concludes with the question of why we did not anticipate the failure of Communism.